I recently acquired several basalt intaglios at an auction. Most of them were marked “Wedgwood & Bentley” with a catalog number on the back. This dated them to the 1780’s or so. They came from another collection and each was enclosed in a staple type coin flip noted with the title and other identification marks. It was easy to verify them in the Wedgwood and Bentley Catalog of 1777 (easily found through a web search and downloaded from https://books.google.com/books?id=5QFcAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false — these links don’t usually last very long; just do a quick search for the title and it pops up.)

I wanted to know a little more about the subject and perhaps the original intaglio that they replicated so I started my search. First I went to the Raspe Catalog of Tassie’s collection as described in my recent post entitled “An Intaglio is more than a stone“. That gave me the info I was looking for on all but two of them. The two that remained were “ENCHANTMENT” and “ROMAN MATRON”

I couldn’t find any pictorial image or reference to either of these. The titles of the works were those given to the pieces in the Wedgwood and Bentley catalog. The one of the seated woman, entitled “Roman Matron” seemed especially odd in that most intaglios usually depict a specific individual or at least historical or mythical figure. I did the usual word search on the internet, but didn’t turn up anything about these two pieces. So I let it drop – for a while.

A couple of nights ago I was surfing the web looking for images of intaglio cabinets (dactyliotheca) and I came upon an old print of a gem engraver. I wanted a copy without any copyright attached so I went to the origin “TRAITÉ DES PIERRES GRAVÉES” ( “THE TREATISE ON ENGRAVED STONES”) Vol I by Mariette, published in 1750.  While perusing the book I started going through the plates of engravings of various intaglios in Vol II that I found at https://archive.org/details/traitedespierres02mari   To my pleasure, I found images of the two basalts for which I was seeking additional information. I used my old friend “translate.google.com” to loosely translate the French to English. Here is what I found. 

ENCHANTMENT

“The serpent, which, from among the flames above the altar, might make one think that it is a sacrifice of Aesculapius. If there were no other figures than those of the priest and the musician who plays the lyre, this interpretation would be without question; but the Satyr who dances, a crown in his hand, and the Bacchante in disorder, who stirs a drum furnished with bells, have nothing in common with the God of Medicine, and want another explanation to be sought. That which seems most natural, is to regard this ceremony as an Evocation or Enchantment made by these Charlatans, who, by virtue of their prestige, had the secret of amusing the people. They carried with them familiar serpents, to their flight of instrument players, & men & women who imitated the character and gestures of those who celebrated the Feasts of Bacchus. Above the head of the Satyr is seen a vase placed upon a specimen of a capital; The rest of the column is assumed to be hidden by the figure which is before; There must be no other mystery.”

 ROMAN MATRON

CALPURNIA CONCERNED ABOUT CESAR.

Amethyst.

“This Antique, one of the most important in the King’s Cabinet, having only given rise to conjectures until now, I can, with less temerity, propose my own. I shall attach myself chiefly to this Genie [MyI: The English word derives from the Latin genius and is also used for this kind of guardian spirit from ancient Roman religion] placed upon a column; Far from believing that it has been put to the test, I think it is an essential part of the subject. It strikes as much and more than all the rest; It is upon him that the Roman Lady fixes all her glances, she seems to interrogate him, and seems to answer him. The whole art of the engraver seems to be employed in expressing this dialogue. This engraved stone can therefore represent Calpurnie, when Caesar went to the Senate, consulted his Genie on the anxieties and the presentiments which agitated him. It holds a fan, and behind it is a sort of cap in the form of a helmet, suspended from the wall, whose meaning do not ask, I do not know; I shall content myself with observing that one of the ancient statues of the King, engraved by Mellan, represents a Roman Lady in the same attitude in a dress quite similar to this one. They say it’s Agrippina coming out of the bath.”

I still don’t know who the original engravers were or anything about the owners over time, but this is a start. What fun!!!!

As an aside, I have sometimes wondered about the scene on an intaglio of an individual looking at a miniature sculpture set upon a pedestal, which is seen on a number of stones. Did it have some sort contextual significance? The description about Calpurnia and Caesar perhaps gives a clue. Could the scene be a depiction of the thoughts of the main subject of the scene? What do you think?

The WELCOME page states, “…the study of art over the ages is much more than learning about the art objects themselves, it is learning about the times and the cultural environment in which they were produced and collected; it is learning about the artists themselves, about the subjects of the art, about the collectors; it is, in fact, the study of history itself.” I’ll add, “…it’s also fun!”

Last year my daughter gave me several basalt intaglios for my birthday (she has the “collector bug”, like myself, so we feed each other’s habits). I gave each of them a thorough inspection, secure in my superficial knowledge that they were Wedgwood basalts or imitations. I added their descriptive information to my list of acquisitions and placed them in the vintage wooden machinist’s tool chest with the others I have collected. One was a profile bust of a lovely young woman with flowing hair.  On the opposite side is a figure that is probably Athena standing with a spear and sword.

Little did I realize at the time that this one stone would cause me to take the next step in collecting —  researching the history of an individual intaglio.

At some later date I was surfing the web looking for information on Wedgwood basalts.  Naturally, I went off on a tangent and became interested in a contemporary of his, a modeler by the name of James Tassie. Thanks to Google Books and the Internet Archive, I found the entire content of a two volume catalog of Tassie pastes (A DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUE OF A GENERAL COLLECTION … BY JAMES TASSIE, MODELLER; arranged and described by R. E. RASPE 1791, Vol I — https://archive.org/details/descriptivecatal01rasp and Vol II — https://archive.org/details/gri_33125008808459 ). While perusing the catalog, I came upon a drawing in one of the plates that looked familiar. It took a little time to figure out where I had seen it, but I soon realized it was the young woman on the basalt.

The catalog I mention above is a complete listing of all 15,800 pastes in the Tassie collection. James Tassie, who was active during the mid 18th century, made replicas of the gems from many, if not most, of the European carved gem cabinets (collections). He then made copies available to the public (for a price, of course), thus further popularizing the collecting of engraved gems beyond the aristocracy.

After I found the intaglio in my collection the key to finding additional information was the number above the drawing in the catalog, 14705. This led back to the description of the object in the text portion of the publication –

From A Descriptive Catalogue…by Raspe, Vol II p758

“14704] — A Most Beautiful Character.
OTPAIOS GnOIGT (Greek, see orig.). The most able masters have sometimes, inconsiderately, in a very extraordinary manner deceived themselves. Wray thought that he had in executing this, engraved an Alexander, which after all, is only the head of the fair Laundress.
14705 Chalcedony. Mr. Tassie, The fair Laundress in a veil; changed naturally enough into a Mary Magdalen. WRAY. FEC. Plate LVII.
Ditto, with diadems or frontlets ; the hair in the Greek or Roman taste.”

I’ve included the description for the previous entry, No. 14704, because of its relevance to my stone, No. 14705. These entries clearly identify the image as being Mary Magdalen and the engraver Wray (Robert Batemen Wray, 1715 – 1779). The references to the “fair Laundress” opened a whole other mystery to be solved. It further indicated that the original engraved stone was, in fact, in Tassie’s own personal collection.

Cross reference tables in the publication verified the information and also provided further insights to Wray’s works by indicating which of his pieces had been copied by Tassie and which of Wray’s original intaglios Tassie had in his personal cabinet.
Upon further reading I found that Wray was well acquainted with Tassie. Tassie included original pieces by Wray in his catalogs of works for sale.

Searching with hopes of finding a better likeness of the original Magdalen by Wray, I came upon a treasure trove of pictures of the entire Tassie collection, again, all 15,800 of them. They’re located at http://www.cvaonline.org/gems/tassie/default.htm (This website is The Classical Art Research Centre which, according to its home page, leads and supports research on ancient art. At its heart is the Beazley Archive, which includes the world’s largest collection of images of ancient figure-decorated pottery.  The Beazley Archive is a part of the University of Oxford’s Ashmolean Museum .)  This collection taken together with Raspe’s Catalog of Tassie’s works is a “Rosetta Stone” for collectors researching the history of specific intaglios. More on that in another post. Browsing to No. 14705, I found the picture of the Tassie reproduction – identical to my basalt!

Two images are shown because the cvaonline pages have two light sources for each image (those guys are smart!)

Two questions remained. Who produced the basalt that I had and what’s this “fair Laundress” thing all about?

As far as I can tell, Tassie only produced copies in paste (a form of glass) and Sulphur; he didn’t make them in basalt clay, so my stone wasn’t one made by Tassie. It was no doubt manufactured from a mold, either an original one by Tassie (he was known to sell his molds to other manufacturers such as Wedgwood), one made from another cast taken from Wray’s original work, or from a copy made by another modeler.  There was a lot of copying, imitation, and, let’s call it as it was, forgery going on at that time.  Since the stone is two faced and there is no other indication of its origin, it would be virtually impossible for me, with my limited knowledge, to determine its manufacturer.  I had to leave it at that.

The “fair Laundress” thing was fairly easy to figure out. Raspe, the author, was “dissing” Wray, the engraver, for engraving a very similar image several times and naming each of them with different titles. Here are the descriptions for Raspe Nos. 14701 – 14705.

And here are the pictures from the British Museum Tassie images, 14701 to 14705 left to right.

I guess when you got good at engraving an image (except for the end of the nose on 14702) you wanted to keep at it.

I hope that you too have had some fun by looking into the history of an intaglio.

I often wonder how factual the information is that I find in older books and magazines about individuals and incidents that lived or happened tens, hundreds or even thousands of years before the publication was printed. To my dismay, I think I might have found an indication. 

I recently ran into two articles, both about William Tassie, the nephew of James Tassie, the engraver, and an engraver and modeler in his own right . The articles were written about 100 years after the occurrence that they each describe, one in 1907 and one in 1926. They were written by two different authors in two totally different publications. 

Draw your own conclusions.

From: “The Gems & Portrait Medallions of James & William Tassie” an article by Martin Hardie in “The Collector” magazine 1907 pp. 132-135
“….an interesting episode in the life of William Tassie, which shows how generosity and good-nature met with a strange reward. It will be remembered that one of Alderman Boydell’s most prodigious undertakings was the formation of an immense collection of pictures painted by the most eminent English artists in illustration of Shakespeare. For these he built in 1789 a gallery on the site of Dodsley’s publishing house in Pall Mall. It was his intention to bequeath this to the public, but his business was so seriously affected by the disastrous consequences of the French revolution that he obtained permission of Parliament to dispose of his collection by lottery.

“There came one day a poor artist to William Tassie, bemoaning his folly in having invested a much-needed guinea in a ticket for Boydell’s lottery. Tassie, after lecturing his visitor on the folly of his extravagance, paid the guinea, and became the owner of the ticket. When the lottery was drawn on Jan. 28, 1805, out of the 12,000 tickets sold Tassie’s bore the fortunate number, and he became possessor of the Shakespeare Gallery and all its contents. The pictures were disposed of by auction, and the building itself was sold to the British Institution. The sculptured ‘Apotheosis of Shakespeare,’ by Banks, was destined to be a monument over Boydell’s tomb, but ultimately went to Stratford-on-Avon, where also a large number of the Boydell pictures are to be seen. How few people know that they were once the property of William Tassie, modeller and engraver of gems.”

From: “CHRISTIE’S, 1766 to 1925“, By H. C. Marillier, 1926, pp 20-21.
“In 1806, pictures by English masters, had been raffled in a lottery by the owner, and won by one Tassie, a gem-engraver. Tassie’s behavior is a homily on the subject of greed. In the first place the winning ticket really belonged to Caldwell, the engraver, and that easy-going person had allowed Tassie to have it instead of his own. Next Tassie was offered £10,000 for his prize, and refused it, demanding not less than £23,000. Thirdly, having insisted on putting the pictures up to auction at Christie’s, he only got a trifle over £6,000 for them and had to pay the auctioneer’s commission out of that.”
“Note: Three pictures by Benjamin West from this collection are now in the Philadelphia Museum. Other pictures, bought by Lord Egremont, are at Petworth.”

What do you think?

RESULTS FROM THE JULY 5 AUCTION CAN BE FOUND AT:  http://www.christies.com/lotfinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=6084707&lid=1 for Lot 85; the rest of the cameo and intaglio Lots follow that page. 

Christie’s at King Street in London has 26 lots of ancient cameos and intaglios up for sale at its July 5, 2017 Antiquities Auction.  They are Lot Nos. 85 to 110.
The auction information and catalog can be viewed at http://www.christies.com/salelanding/index.aspx?intsaleid=26821&saletitle=  

From the catalog:  “Sangiorgi Collection.  Giorgio Sangiorgi (1886-1965) was a principle of the most renowned art-dealing family in Rome… As a private collector, Sangiorgi assembled an important ancient glass collection, which he published in 1914 (Collezione de Vetri Antichi dalle Origini al V Sec. D.C., ordinati e descriti da Giorgio Sangiorgi con prefazione di W. Froehner). Masterpieces from it were sold in the 1960s and are now the pride of numerous institutions such as the Toledo Museum of Art and the Corning Museum of Glass.”

The lot descriptions contain a wealth of information about the glyptic art of the ancient times as well as some interesting provenance of the individual pieces. 

Have fun.

WOW!  Talk about appreciation.  An intaglio from the first century BC was auctioned by Sotheby’s in December 2016 with an estimate of $10,000 to $15,000; it was sold to the Getty Museum for just over $500,000. 

The listing is still available at http://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2016/old-master-sculpture-l16233/lot.88.html

The provenance or history of the intaglio provided by Sotheby’s includes its being a part of the Marlborough Gems, its “acquisition” by the Nazis, and its recovery by the so-called “Monuments Men”.

Skinner’s Auction House has several intaglios up for sale at its June 27, 2017 Fine Jewelry Auction.  They are lot Nos. 77-80 and  264.

See Lot 77 at http://www.skinnerinc.com/auctions/3015B/lots?saleno=3015B&s=77  and go from there. 

Happy Hunting.